contoh paragraf present perfect tense

Menagement plays a vital role in any business or organized activity.Management is composed of a team of manager who have charge of the organization at all levels.Their duties include making sure company objectives are met and seeing that the business operates efficiently.Regardless of the spesific job,most mangers perfrom four basic functions.These management functions are planning,organizing,directing,and controlling.

Present Perfect Ten

Formula untuk Present Perfect Tense adalah:

Subject + (has/have) + verb3 + object + modifier

Contoh:

1. Farmers in Jati Bali have grown rice crops since 1970. (Petani-petani di Jati Bali telah menanam padi sejak tahun 1970).
2. Some students have conducted research on vegetative plant propagations for two months. (Beberapa siswa telah melakukan penelitian pada perbanyakan tanaman vegetatif selama 2 bulan).
3. Transpiration has started to increase since three hours ago. (Transpirasi telah mulai meningkat sejak tiga jam yang lalu).

Note: HAS VERB3 digunakan jika subjectnya singular, yaitu jika subjectnya adalah he, she, it dan noun yang dapat digantikan dengan subject pronoun he, she atau it. Sebaliknya, HAVE VERB3 digunakan jika subjectnya plural, yaitu jika subjectnya adalah I, you, they, we, dan noun yang dapat digantikan dengan subject pronoun I, you, they, atau we.

Penggunaan Present Perfect Tense

Pada dasarnya, penggunaan Present Perfect Tense dapat dikelompokkan dalam 3 kategori, yaitu:

1. Untuk menyatakan bahwa kejadian/aktivitas sudah terjadi/dilakukan pada waktu yang tidak spesifik (unspecified/indefinite time) di masa lampau.

Contoh:

1. John has traveled around the world.  (John telah bertamasya ke seluruh dunia).
2. She has read the entire book. (Dia telah membaca buku itu secara keseluruhan).
3. I have eaten. (Saya telah makan).
4. Someone has stolen my book.  (Seseorang telah mencuri buku saya).
5. They have gone.  (Mereka telah pergi).

Note: Pada contoh di atas, kita tidak tahu kapan John bertamasya ke seluruh dunia, kapan dia membaca buku, kapan saya makan, kapan seseorang mencuri buku saya, kapan mereka pergi. Yang menjadi penekanan adalah kejadian/aktivitas tersebut telah terjadi/dilakukan.

2. Untuk menyatakan kekerapan (berapa kali) kejadian/aktivitas terjadi/dilakukan pada waktu yang tidak spesifik (unspecified/indefinite time) di masa lampau.

Contoh:

1. I have seen the Titanic three times. (Saya telah nonton Titanic tiga kali).
2. She has fallen in love ten times. (Dia telah jatuh cinta 10 kali).
3. They have failed the exam twice. (Mereka telah gagal ujian 2 kali).
4. My car has broken down five times. (Mobil saya telah mogok 5 kali minggu ini).
5. Our dean has punished that very rebellious student three times. (Dekan kita telah menghukum mahasiswa yang sangat membangkang itu 3 kali).

Note: Pada contoh di atas, kita tidak tahu kapan saya nonton Titanic, kapan dia jatuh cinta, kapan mereka gagal ujian, kapan mobil saya rusak, kapan dekan menghukum mahasiswa pembangkang itu. Yang menjadi penekanan adalah berapa kali kejadian/aktivitas tersebut telah terjadi/dilakukan dari dulu samapi NOW; apakah once (sekali), twice/two times (dua kali), trice/three times (tiga kali), ten times (sepuluh kali), dan seterusnya.

3. Untuk menyatakan bahwa kejadian/aktivitas terus terjadi/dilakukan mulai dari waktu tertentu di masa lampau sampai sekarang (now).

Contoh:

1. I have lived in this house for nine years. (Saya telah tinggal di rumah ini selama  9 tahun). Artinya, sejak 9 tahun yang lalu sampai sekarang, saya telah tinggal di runah ini.
   
2. We have studied English since a month ago. (Kita telah belajar bahasa Inggris sejak 1 bulan yang lalu). Artinya, sejak sebulan yang lalu hingga sekarang, kita telah belajar bahasa inggris.
   
3. He has married her for nineteen years. (Dia telah mengawininya selama 19 tahun).
4. Mr. Johnson has worked in the same place since 1980. (Pak  Johnson telah bekerja di tempat yang sama sejak tahun 1980).
5. She has waited for her boyfriend for an hour. (Dia telah menunggu pacarnya selama satu jam).

Note: Semua kejadian/aktivitas pada kelima contoh di atas masih berlangsung sampai saat diungkapkan (now). Kejadian/aktivitas seperti ini juga dapat dinyatakan dengan present perfect continuous tense dengan tanpa merubah makna kalimat.

Penggunaan For dan Since

Khusus untuk penggunaan present perfect tense yang ketiga ini, waktu kejadian/aktivitas yang dilakukan oleh subject dinyatakan dengan menggunakan for dan since. For (berarti selama) diikuti oleh durasi atau lamanya waktu kejadian. Misalnya: for thirty years (selama 30 tahun), for ten minutes (selama 10 menit), for a week (selama seminggu), etc. Sedangkan, since (berarti sejak) diikuti oleh kapan kejadian/aktivitas itu dimulai. Misalnya: since 1985 (sejak tahun 1985), since January (sejak bulan Januari), since 2 o’clock (sejak jam 2), etc.

Perhatikan kelima contoh di atas. Jika for diganti dengan since, atau sebaliknya, maka kalimat di atas menjadi:

1. I have lived in this house since 2000. (Saya telah tinggal di rumah ini sejak  tahun 2000).
2. We have studied English for a month. (Kita telah belajar bahasa Inggris selama 1 bulan).
3. He has married her since 1990. (Dia telah mengawininya sejak tahun 1990).
4. Mr. Johnson has worked in the same place for twenty-nine years. (Pak  Johnson telah bekerja di tempat yang sama selama 29 tahun).
5. She has waited for her boyfriend since an hour ago. (Dia telah menunggu pacarnya sejak sejam yang lalu).

Negative Form

Bentuk negatif kalimat dalam Present Perfect Tense dibuat dengan menambahkan not setelah auxilary has/have, seperti yang terlihat dalam formula berikut,

Subject + (has/have) + not + verb3 + object + modifier

Note: (has not) dapat disingkat menjadi hasn’t, sedangkan (have not) dapat disingkat menjadi haven’t.

Contoh:

1. John has not traveled around the world.  (John belum bertamasya ke seluruh dunia).
2. She has not read the entire book. (Dia belum membaca buku itu secara keseluruhan).
3. I have not eaten. (Saya belum makan).
4. Someone has not stolen my book. (Seseorang belum mencuri buku saya).
5. They have not gone.  (Mereka belum pergi).
6. I have not seen the Titanic three times. (Saya belum nonton Titanic tiga kali).
7. She has not fallen in love ten times. (Dia belum jatuh cinta 10 kali).
8. They have not passed the exam two times. (Mereka belum lulus ujian 2 kali).
9. My car has not broken down five times. (Mobil saya belum mogok 5 kali).
10. Our dean has not punished that very rebellious student three times. (Dekan kita belum menghukum mahasiswa yang sangat membangkang itu 3 kali).
11. I have not lived in this house for nine years. (Saya belum tinggal di rumah ini selama 9 tahun).
12. We have not studied English for a month. (Kita belum belajar bahasa Inggris selama sebulan).
13. He has not married her for nineteen years. (Dia belum mengawininya selama 19tahun).
14. Mr. Johnson has not worked in the same place for twenty-nine years. (Mr Johnson belum bekerja di tempat yang sama selama 29 tahun).
15. She has not waited for her boyfriend for an hour. (Dia belum menunggu pacarnya selama satu jam).

Yes/No Questions

Yes/No Questions untuk Present Perfect Tense adalah sebagai berikut:

(Has/have) + subject + verb3+ object + modifier?

Contoh:

1. Has John traveled around the world?  (Apakah John telah bertamasya ke seluruh dunia?).
2. Has she read the entire book? (Apakah dia telah membaca buku itu secara keseluruhan?).
3. Have you eaten? (Apakah kamu telah makan?).
4. Has someone stolen your book?  (Apakah seseorang telah mencuri buku kamu?).
5. Have they gone?  (Apakah mereka telah pergi?).
6. Have you seen the Titanic three times? (Apakah kamu telah nonton film Titanic tiga kali?).
7. Has she fallen in love ten times? (Apakah dia telah jatuh cinta 10 kali?).
8. Have they failed the exam twice? (Apakah mereka telah gagal ujian 2 kali?).
9. Has your car broken down five times? (Apakah mobil kamu telah mogok 5 kali?).
10. Has our dean punished that very rebellious student three times? (Apakah dekan kita telah menghukum mahasiswa yang sangat membangkang itu 3 kali?).
11. Have you lived in this house for nine years? (Apakah kamu telah tinggal di rumah ini selama  9 tahun?).
12. Have we studied English for a month? (Apakah kita telah belajar bahasa Inggris selama 1 bulan?).
13. Has he married her for nineteen years? (Apakah dia telah mengawininya selama 19 tahun?).
14. Has Mr. Johnson worked in the same place since 1980? (Apakah pak  Johnson telah bekerja di tempat yang sama sejak tahun 1980?).
15. Has she waited for her boyfriend for an hour? (Apakah dia telah menunggu pacarnya selama satu jam?).

Penggunaan already dan yet

a. Adverb already digunakan untuk mempertegas pernyatakan bahwa sesuatu telah atau belum terjadi pada waktu yang tidak spesifik (unspecified time) di masa lampau. Already (telah/sudah) digunakan pada kalimat positif, sedangkan yet (belum) digunakan pada kalimat negatif dan kalimat tanya.

Already biasanya diletakkan di antara auxiliary (has/have) dan verb3, tetapi bisa juga diletakkan diakhir kalimat tanpa merubah arti kalimat, seperti terlihat dalam formula berikut:.

Subject + (has/have) + already + verb3 + object + modifier

Atau

Subject + (has/have) + Verb3 + object + modifier + already

Contoh:

1. John has already traveled around the world.  Atau, John has traveled around the world already.
2. She has already read the entire book. Atau, She has read the entire book already.
3. I have already eaten. Atau, I have eaten already.
4. Someone has already stolen my book. Atau, Someone has stolen my book already.
5. They have already gone. Atau, They have gone already.
6. I have already seen the Titanic three times. Atau, I have seen the Titanic three times already.
7. She has already fallen in love ten times. Atau, She has fallen in love ten times already.
8. They have already failed the exam twice. Atau, They have failed the exam twice already.
9. My car has already broken down five times. Atau, My car has broken down five times already.
10. Our dean has already punished that very rebellious student three times. Atau, Our dean has punished that very rebellious student three times already.

b. Adverb yet digunakan pada negative form (kalimat negative) dan interogative form (kalimat tanya), yang biasanya ditempatkan di akhir kalimat, seperti pada formula berikut ini:

Subject + (has/have) +  not + verb3 + object + modifier + yet

Selain itu, yet juga bisa juga ditempatkan di tengah kalimat (yaitu setelah  has/have) dengan formula sebagai berikut:

Subject + (has/have) + yet + (to + Verb1) + object + modifier

Note: verb3 berubah menjadi infinitive (to + verb1). Dan, walaupun tidak ada not, kalimat ini bermakna negatif (maknanya sama dengan jika yet ditempatkan di akhir kalimat).

Contoh:

1. John has not traveled around the world yet. Atau, John has yet to travel around the world.
2. She has not read the entire book yet. Atau, She has yet to read the entire book.
3. I have not eaten yet. Atau, I have yet to eat.
4. Someone has not stolen my book yet. Atau, Someone has yet to steal my book
5. They haven’t gone yet. Atau, They have yet to go.
6. I have not seen the Titanic three times yet. Atau, I have yet to see the Titanic three times.
7. She hasn’t fallen in love ten times yet. Atau, She has yet to fall in love ten times.
8. They haven’t passed the exam twice yet. Atau, They have yet to pass the exam twice.
9. My car hasn’t broken down five times yet. Atau, My car has yet to break down five times.
10. Our dean hasn’t punished that very rebellious student three times yet. Atau, Our dean has yet to punish that very rebellious student three times.

Dalam kalimat tanya, yet umumnya ditempatkan diakhir kalimat.

Contoh:

1. Has John traveled around the world yet?
2. Has she read the entire book yet?
3. Have you eaten yet?
4. Has someone found your book yet?
5. Have they gone yet?  etc.

Kesimpulan

Dari penjelasan di atas dapat disimpulkan bahwa present perfect tense pada prinsipnya digunakan untuk:

1. Untuk menekankan SUDAH/ BELUM. Kamu sudah makan belum? (Have you eaten yet?)
2. Untuk menekankan SUDAH BERAPA KALI. Sudah berapa kali kamu makan hari ini? (How many times have you eaten today?).
3. Untuk menekankan DURASI kejadian/aktivitas. Sudah berapa lama kamu belum makan? (For how long haven’t you eaten yet?

Sekarang, apa bedanya dengan simple past tense? Untuk jawabannya, silakan baca: Simple past tense vs Present perfect tense.

Direct and indirect

Direct & Indirect Object

Direct Object adalah penderita langsung dari suatu tindakan di dalam satu kalimat. contohnya “He hit the ball.” Namun, kita harus berhati-hati untuk membedakan antara DIRECT OBJECT dan OBJECT COMPLEMENT:

• They named their daughter Natasha.

Dalam kalimat ini, “daughter” adalah DIRECT OBJECT dan “Natasha” adalah OBJECT COMPLEMENT, yang menggambarkan atau memberikan penjelasan dari direct object-nya.

Indirect object mengindentifikasikan untuk siapa tindakan tersebut dibuat. Direct object dan Indirect object adalah orang, tempat, atau sesuatu yang berbeda. Direct object dalam kalimat berikut ini adalah yang dicetak tebal. Indirect Objek yang bercetak miring.

• The instructor gave his students A’s.
• Grandfather left Rosalita and Raoul all his money.
• Jo-Bob sold me her boat.

Bersamaan dengan itu, kata me (atau sama dengan kata lainnya, yaitu him, us, them) biasanya berperan menjadi Direct Object.

• Bless me/her/us!
• Call me/him/them if you have questions.

Untuk menandai Objek langsung dan tidak langsung sangatlah mudah. Perhatikan ilustrasi berikut ini:

Misalnya:

• Andi membawakan saya sebuah buku.

Pada kalimat diatas, predikat kalimat tersebut adalah membawakan. “Membawakan apa?” = Buku. Maka, “buku” adalah OBJEK LANGSUNG (DIRECT OBJECT) dan “saya” adalah OBJEK TIDAK LANGSUNG (INDIRECT OBJECT)

Indirect Object dapat digunakan dalam beberapa cara.

• Give some money to John.
• Give some money to him.
• Give it to John.
• Give it to him.
• Give John some money.
• Give him some money.
• Give John it. (Tidak biasa dipakai)
• Give him it. (Tidak biasa dipakai)

Perhatikan cara menempatkan 2 objek berikut ini:

• Lend me some money. (Lend some money to me)
• Bring me a cup of coffee. (Bring a cup of coffee to me)
• Get me a cup of coffee. (Get a cup of coffee for me)
• Make me a cup of coffee. (Make a cup of coffee for me)
• Ask him a question. (Ask a question of him)
• Tell her a story. (Tell a story to her)

Pola-pola untuk menempatkan Direct Object dan Indirect Object:

Pola A

• I gave him an apple.
• I bought her a car.
• I asked him a question.

Pola B

• I gave an apple to him.
• I explained it to him.

Pola C

• I bought a car for her.
• I open the door for her.

Kata kerja untuk pola A dan B adalah:

write, read, show, teach, tell, sell, send, lend, bring, take, pass, give

Kata kerja untuk pola A dan C adalah:

buy, get, make, find, do, bake, cash, save

Kata Kerja untuk Pola A saja.

ask, cost, charge, wish

Kata kerja untuk Pola B saja.

explain, announce, describe, introduce, mention, prove, repeat, say, speak, report

(Ketika dipakai dengan for, berarti artinya sama dengan “untuk kepentingan”)

Kata kerja untuk Pola C saja

open, answer, close, change, pronounce, prescribe

Kata kerja untuk semua pola

sing

kata Kerja yang tidak dapat dipakai oleh semua pola. (Kata Kerja Intransitif – Kata kerja yang tidak membutuhkan objek)

eat, sleep, talk, walk, dll.

voice active dan passive

ACTIVE AND PASSIVE VOICE

Kalimat Aktif dan Kalimat Pasif

Kata kerja transitif mempunyai dua voice (ragam gramatikal), aktif dan pasif.

1) Bentuk aktif adalah orang, binatang, atau benda yang ditunjukkan oleh subjek dikatakan

melakukan sesuatu pada yang lain.

Contoh: Karim killed a tiger. Karim membunuh seekor harimau

2) Bentuk pasif adalah orang, binatang atau benda dikatakan menderita sesuatu dari sesuatu yang lain.

Contoh: A tiger was killed by Karim. Seekor harimau dibunuh oleh Karim

Bentuk pasif :

To Be + Past Participle

Aturan-aturan :

a) Kata kerja transitif tidak digunakan dalam bentuk pasif, kecuali kalau kata kerja itu menggunakan cognate object dalam bentuk aktif.

Aktif : She sang a fine song. Ia menyanyikan sebuah nyanyian yang merdu

Pasif : A fine song was sung by her. Sebuah nyanyian yang merdu dinyanyikan olehnya

b) Bilamana kalimat diubah dari bentuk aktif ke pasif, objek untuk kata kerja aktif menjadi subjek untuk kalimat kerja pasif.

objek untuk kata kerja aktif :

Aktif: Linda can make tarts. Linda dapat membuat kue tart

Subjek untuk kata kerja pasif :

Pasif: Tarts can be made by Linda

c) Retained object (objek yang tetap dipakai/dipertahankan dalam pasif)

Dua buah objek dalam kalimat aktif, ketika diubah menjadi kalimat pasif, masih tetap ada sebuah objek dipertahankan, objek ini dinamakan retained object. Objek ini mungkin objek tak langsung dari kata kerja aktif atau objek langsung dari kata kerja aktif.

Objek tak langsung dari kata kerja aktif

Kata Kerja aktif Kata kerja pasif

We gave him a prize A prize was given him by us

Objek langsung dari kata kerja aktif

Kata Kerja aktif Kata kerja pasif

We gave him a prize He was given a prize by us

paragraf ative dan passive

FOR SECOND

In the beginning live in group,with each member doing a job that served the whole A group could morerasily itself againts wild anial than one person alone.Because the population was so small,group could wander the land and rarely meet each other.When the group became bigger and bigger they split into smaller unit called families.The first village settlements date back to 4750 BC.People lived in houses taht had several rooms By 3000 BC.they were beggining to separete into small and then larger families.

ACTIVE DAN PASSIVE

Berikut contoh-contoh kalimat aktif yang dirubah menjadi kalimat pasif dalam bentuk tenses :

1) Simple present

Aktif John bites Mary John doesn’t bite Mary Does John bite Mary? What does John do? Who bites Mary? Who does John bite?

Pasif Mary is bitten by John Mary isn’t bitten by John Is Mary bitten by John? What is done by John? Who is Mary bitten by? Who is bitten by John?

2) Simple continuous

Aktif John is biting Mary John isn’t biting Mary Is John biting Mary? What is John doing? Who is biting Mary? Who is John biting?

Pasif Mary is being bitten by John Mary isn’t being bitten by John Is Mary being bitten by John? What is being done by John? Who is Mary being bitten by? Who is being bitten by John?

3) Present perfect

Aktif John has bitten Mary John hasn’t bitten Mary Has John bitten Mary? What has John done? Who has bitten Mary? Who has John bitten?

Pasif Mary has been bitten by John Mary hasn’t been bitten by John Has Mary been bitten by John? What has been done by John? Who has Mary been bitten by? Who has been bitten by John?

4) Present perfect continuous

Aktif John has been biting Mary John hasn’t been biting Mary Has John been biting Mary? What has John been doing? Who has been biting Mary? Who has John been biting?

Pasif Mary has been being bitten by John Mary hasn’t been being bitten by John Has Mary been being bitten by John? What has been being done by John? Who has Mary been being bitten by? Who has been being bitten by John?

5) Simple past

Aktif John bit Mary John didn’t bite Mary Did John bite Mary? What did John do? Who bit Mary? Who did John bite?

Pasif Mary was bitten by John Mary wasn’t bitten by John Was Mary bitten by John? What was done by John? Who was Mary bitten by? Who was bitten by John?

6) Past continuous

Aktif John was biting Mary John wasn’t biting Mary Was John biting Mary? What was John doing? Who was biting Mary? Who was John biting?

Pasif Mary was being bitten by John Mary wasn’t being bitten by John Was Mary being bitten by John? What was being done by John? Who was Mary being bitten by? Who was being bitten by John?

7) Past perfect

Aktif John had bitten Mary John hadn’t bitten Mary Had John bitten Mary? What had John done? Who had bitten Mary? Who had John bitten?

Pasif Mary had been bitten by John Mary hadn’t been bitten by John Had Mary been bitten by John? What had been done by John? Who had Mary been bitten by? Who had been bitten by John?

Past perfect continuous

Aktif John had been biting Mary John hadn’t been biting Mary Had John been biting Mary? What had John been doing? Who had been biting Mary? Who had John been biting?

Pasif Mary had been being bitten by John Mary hadn’t been being bitten by John Had Mary been being bitten by John? What had been being done by John? Who had Mary been being bitten by? Who had been being bitten by John?

9) Future

Aktif John will bite Mary John won’t bite Mary Will John bite Mary? What will John do? Who will bite Mary? Who will John bite?

Pasif Mary will be bitten by John Mary won’t be bitten by John Will Mary be bitten by John? What will be done by John? Who will Mary be bitten by? Who will be bitten by John?

10) Future continuous

Aktif John will be biting Mary John won’t be biting Mary Will John be biting Mary? What will John be doing? Who will be biting Mary? Who will John be biting?

Pasif Mary will be being bitten by John Mary won’t be being bitten by John Will Mary be being bitten by John? What will be being done by John? Who will Mary be being bitten by? Who will be being bitten by John?

11) Future perfect

Aktif John will have bitten Mary John won’t have bitten Mary Will John have bitten Mary? What will John have done? Who will have bitten Mary? Who will John have bitten?

Pasif Mary will have been bitten by John Mary won’t have been bitten by John Will Mary have been bitten by John? What will have been done by John? Who will Mary have been bitten by? Who will have been bitten by John?

12) Future perfect continuous

Aktif John will have been biting Mary John won’t have been biting Mary Will John have been biting Mary? What will John have been doing? Who will have been biting Mary? Who will John have been biting?

Pasif Mary will have been being bitten by John Mary won’t have been being bitten by John Will Mary have been being bitten by John? What will have been being done by John? Who will Mary have been being bitten by? Who will have been being bitten by John?

Kata-kata kerja transitif kadang-kadang mempunyai arti pasif walaupun bentuk kalimatnya adalah aktif :

a) Dengan komplemen

Sugar tastes sweet (pasif: sugar is sweet when it is tasted). Gula manis rasanya (gula manis bila

dirasakan)

b) Tanpa komplemen

The books is printing (pasif: the book is being printed). Buku itu sedang dicetak

The cows are milking (pasif: the cows are being milked). Sapi-sapi itu sedang diperah

Kesimpulan :

TENSES		ACTIVE			PASSIVE
Simple Present Present Continuous Present Perfect Past Tense Past Continuous Simple Future Be going to Past perfect Future perfect	Mary Mary Mary Mary Mary Mary Mary Mary Mary		Helps is helping has helped helped was helping will help is going to help had helped will have helped	John John John John John John John John John	John John John John John John John John John	is helped is being helped has been helped was helped was being helped will be helped is going to be helped had been helped will have been helped	by Mary by Mary by Mary by Mary by Mary by Mary by Mary by Mary by Mary

Perhatian: Semua bentuk pasif verbnya menggunakan bentuk ketiga (V3)